Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a advanced fertility treatment, has become increasingly prevalent in Nigeria. This procedure involves the direct placement of a single sperm into an egg, facilitating fertilization. ICSI offers hope to couples facing infertility challenges such as male factor infertility, low sperm morphology, or prior fail

The utilization of karyotyping in genetic diagnosis in Nigeria is gaining recognition. This cytogenetic technique involves the analysis of chromosomes to reveal abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, or translocations that can contribute to various congenital disorders. Despite karyotyping has been utilized in developed countries for decade